Skin barrier function

• Skin is a physical barrier against water loss and harmful environmental factors. In eczema, abnormalities in the structure of skin impair barrier function³
• Skin affected by eczema shows reduced hydration and is more susceptible to allergens^3,5
• Skin from healthy people has an acidic pH which helps stop bacterial growth. Eczematous skin is less acidic and therefore is at increased risk of infection.^3,5

Factors that may exacerbate eczema

• Harsh soaps, detergents and wool⁵
• Seasonal changes (e.g. due to changes in environmental pollution, temperature, low levels of UV exposure and humidity)^5,6
• Heat^5,6
• Sweating⁵
• Infections⁵
• Food allergies⁵
• Stress.⁵

Immunological factors

Several immunological factors contribute to eczema including:

• Activation of T-helper 2 cells, a type of lymphocyte, which drive immunity and inflammation⁵
• Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (messengers that carry signals between cells)⁵
• Increased levels of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE), which play an essential role in an allergic response.⁵